Toy4x4 Digest          Mon, 19 Jan 98 00:30:02 (HST)  Volume 1 : Issue 664
 Today's Topics:
 'new' 85 4Runner
 22RE Noise (2 msgs)
 Bio
 Cigarette lighter and quick starting (3 msgs)
 Dual CB antennas
 Easter TLCA Moab Cruise (no j**ps)
 Gorman 1-18-98
 High Pitched Whining in 3rd Gear at No Load
 Moab 98'
                        noise(belts)
 Pickup vs 4Runner/ Automatic? (2 msgs)
 reversing on wet pavement (2 msgs)
 Tire Size vs. Milage Guage?
 Toy4x4 Digest V1 #660
 V6 Mods - Throttle Body
 WHY??? Easter Safari in Moab???
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 ---   Toyota 4x4 Mailing List  (Toy4x4)   ---
 ** Sponsored by OFF-ROAD.com, The Off-Road Center of the 'Net! **
 **      Visit our WWW Page -- "http://www.off-road.com"        **
 **          TLCA Web Page -- "http://www.tlca.org"             **
 To post to list:
 Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Administrative matters (sign up, unsubscribe, mail problems, etc):
 Toy4x4-request@tlca.org
 Digest back issues are available at:
 http://www.off-road.com/4x4web/toy4x4/toy4x4_digest.html
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 15:11:03 -0800 (PST)
 From: rick99@jps.net (Rick Murray)
 Subject: 'new' 85 4Runner
 To: TOY4X4@TLCA.ORG>So now, I am ready to turn this into a serious rock crawler and>figure that if it no longer is good to drive on the highway, I'll just>tow it up Ice House Road to the mouth the Rubicon!
 Jerald,
 No need to tow your 'runner.  That would be embarassing.  Towing is
 for j**ps and FJ40's.  The advantage of Toy 4x4's is that they can be
 Rubicon-capable and still be tame and comfortable daily drivers.
 I even added cruise control to make the trip down to Duzy less tiring.
 See you on the trail.
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 23:10:02 -0500
 From: mrex  Subject: 22RE Noise
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 I've got a engine noise that's driving me crazy!  When my 22RE is
 running at fast idle, there is a very noticeable 'rattling noise' coming
 from the area near the exhaust manifold.  The engine always runs
 smoothly and the noise diminishes at other rpm levels.  Things I've
 tried:
 1) Took off all the belts. (It's definitely coming from the engine
 itself.)
 2) Removed the exhaust manifold heat shield (I thought something was
 loose behind it, no luck!)
 Any suggestions from the list would be appreciated!
 Mark Rexrode
 1990 Toyota 4x4 Pickup, 22RE, 114k miles, Manual Transmission.
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 21:16:00 -0800
 From: Brandon Miller  Subject: 22RE Noise
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 loose valves or the timing chain would be my guess
 mrex wrote:> I've got a engine noise that's driving me crazy!  When my 22RE is> running at fast idle, there is a very noticeable 'rattling noise' coming> from the area near the exhaust manifold.  The engine always runs> smoothly and the noise diminishes at other rpm levels.  Things I've> tried:>> 1) Took off all the belts. (It's definitely coming from the engine> itself.)> 2) Removed the exhaust manifold heat shield (I thought something was> loose behind it, no luck!)>> Any suggestions from the list would be appreciated!>> Mark Rexrode> 1990 Toyota 4x4 Pickup, 22RE, 114k miles, Manual Transmission.
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 19:00:33 -0800
 From: Todd Vowels  Subject: Bio
 To: Toy4x4  Toy4x4-Request wrote:>> Personal Bio Info>> POST TO THE LIST ONLY>> toy4x4@tlca.org> +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>> Name:Todd Vowels>> City & State: Denton  Texas>> Country: USA>> E-mail address:tdvord@gte.net>> Toyota (s) year & model:89 extended cab>> Are you a TLCA Member (Y/N/Number?):N>> Age:32>> Occupation: Computer Programmer>> Marital Status: Married>> Hobbies: Hunting, Fishing, Camping, Basketball and just about any other outdoor activity.>> How did you find out about the Toyota 4x4 Mailing List: Friend>> General info about your vehicle, self, etc.: I just sold a 95 Ford F150 4X4 and replaced it with my 89 toyota, I haven't been disappointed so far.  My new (or new to
 me) toyota has 115,000 miles and seems to be solid as a rock.  I do have several
 questions about how to get the most out of my 22RE engine as far as performance goes.
 I've heard the best upgrade per dollar is headers and K&N filters.
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 19:31:00 -0800
 From: Jeff Callender  Subject: Cigarette lighter and quick starting
 To: toy4x4@tlca.org
 I have 2 questions:
 1) I just got a Truck air compressor and I plugged it into my light and
 it worked fine for about 10 minutes and then quit.  My cigarette lighter
 stopped working.  I checked the fuse and it was fine.  I double checked
 the lighter plug with my volt meter and it was dead.  Is there an inline
 fuse somewhere I don't know about, or do you think the wire might have
 melted in the dash?
 2) My truck is a 93 4Runner with about 96k on it.  I doesn't start the
 first try in the mornings when it is cold. I have a new K&N air filter,
 facytory plugs, cap and rotor.  Is it common to take two starts when its
 this old?  It will start on one try if you hold it a few seconds.  I have
 the original plug wires and fuel filter as far as I know.  Is is not a
 big deal, I was just curious.
 Thanks in advance.
 Jeff
 '93 4Runner
 rancho rs9000's
 mostly synthetic
 31" BFG's
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 20:29:58 -0800
 From: Scott Wilson  Subject: Cigarette lighter and quick starting
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Jeff Callender wrote:>> I have 2 questions:>> 1) I just got a Truck air compressor and I plugged it into my light and> it worked fine for about 10 minutes and then quit.  My cigarette lighter> stopped working.  I checked the fuse and it was fine.  I double checked> the lighter plug with my volt meter and it was dead.  Is there an inline> fuse somewhere I don't know about, or do you think the wire might have> melted in the dash?
 I think I remember someone (Chris Geiger maybe?) saying there is a
 fusable link....its a thin wire on the back of the cigarette
 lighter....I think he replaced it with a larger wire and has had no
 problems ever since.> 2) My truck is a 93 4Runner with about 96k on it.  I doesn't start the> first try in the mornings when it is cold. I have a new K&N air filter,> facytory plugs, cap and rotor.  Is it common to take two starts when its> this old?  It will start on one try if you hold it a few seconds.  I have> the original plug wires and fuel filter as far as I know.  Is is not a> big deal, I was just curious.
 Are they the orginal cap, rotor, and wires?  If so it would be good to
 to change them.   I bought mine with a little more than 110k miles.
 Upon changing rotor & cap (factory parts), spark plug wires (Jacobs),
 and plugs (Bosch Platium), I noticed a HUGE difference in performance.
 Gas milage went up, engine noise went down, and the throttle got more
 responsive.
 Scott
 - --
 _____
 /_/_|_\__      Scott Wilson
 | _     _ :     Santa Clara, CA
 */_\---/_\'     http://www.off-road.com/~swilson
 (_)   (_)
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 ------------------------------
 Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 10:19:42 -0800
 From: Chris Geiger  Subject: Cigarette lighter and quick starting
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Yes there is a brown colored fuse inside the lighter socket, it looks like a
 small wire but it is a fusable link. To fix it remove the lighter from the
 dash, cut out the short brown wire (it's only 1/4" long and replace it with
 real wire of about the same size (you will need to solder it in place). Real
 copper wire won't burn up like that. Just replacing the socket will cause the
 problem to happen again next time you plug a hi current item in. After-market
 lighters are a are smaller and won't fit in the hole. I have a "truck air"
 compressor too, been there done that.
 Chris Geiger 93 4Runner http://geiger.mcl.ucsb.edu/offroad.html
 Jeff Callender wrote:> 1) I just got a Truck air compressor and I plugged it into my light and> it worked fine for about 10 minutes and then quit.    Is there an inline> fuse somewhere I don't know about, or do you think the wire might have> melted in the dash?
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 19:45:18 -0800
 From: Greg Sue  Subject: Dual CB antennas
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Charles wrote:> Why??? If you do that you not only have an impedance mismatch at the> antenna but also at the common point.
 You are correct.  But since the radio is expecting to "see" a 50-ohm
 impedance, having a parallel run of 50-ohm coax would reduce the
 impedance to 25 ohms at the feedpoint...  if you have a parallel run of
 75-ohm coax, the impedance will be a bit closer (38 ohms) which will be
 less of a strain on the finals.  Obviously it's not optimal, but 75-ohm
 coax is readily available (as opposed to 100-ohm coax).  You will then
 have to adjust the antenna lengths to "fool" the radio into seeing a
 matched system.  IMO, a dual antenna system is a hassle, and not worth
 the time and expense.
 Feel free to email me before we stray too far off topic. :)
 Greg Sue
 gregsue@usa.net
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 15:27:40 +0000
 From: Henry Brimmer  Subject: Easter TLCA Moab Cruise (no j**ps)
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org>> It's nearly time for registration for the 1998 Red Rock Four Wheeler's Annual Easter Safari>> (notice I left out the 4 letter word) in Moab.
 Why not look into the 'Cruise Moab (April 30 - May 3) organized by the
 Toyota Land Cruiser Association instead...
 call Dave Brown 303.838.7723
 The Rising Sun 4WD Club of Colorado
 The whole registration and information form appeared on page 55 of the
 jan/feb Toyota Trails
 Henry Brimmer
 fj40, fj60, hj60
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 17:40:37 -0800
 From: "John M. Smith"  Subject: Gorman 1-18-98
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Thanks to everyone for going on the Gorman trip this last Saturday, you
 guys have some pretty intense vehicles, and thanks for making the new
 guy (+ girl and sick puppy) feel comfortable.  I did not get all of your
 names but I do hope to cross paths with everyone in the near future.  I
 promise by the next run I will get a radio to help communicate and let
 you all know exactly when the puppy is throwing up!  You guys on the
 obstacle course are quite adventurous, I don't think I would like to do
 that to my daily driver.
 ***Does anyone know where to get those air deflate vlave stem adapters
 for the tires?
 I don't know who had them, but boy it worked great!
 Thanks again!!!
 John, Kris, and KT
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 23:43:41 -0500
 From: Clif Moyers  Subject: High Pitched Whining in 3rd Gear at No Load
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 I drove a '95 4runner w/v6 today and it made a rather loud high-pitched
 whining sound in 3rd gear when neither pulling or holding back.  Under load
 or engine-braking conditions you did not hear it.  The vehicle had only 65k
 miles on it.
 Any ideas as to whether this is life threatening or just a little sloppy
 tolerances somewhere in the tranny?
 Clif
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 16:57:27 -0800
 From: "Bob Williams"  Subject: Moab 98'
 To:  Mark Ward wrote,>Do you know the last day to sign up for the Moab trip?  I am very>interested in doing that, but I don't know if I can make the time.
 There is no last day to sign up for the trip.  It's really more of an
 informal gathering at Moab during the week of the Easter J**p Safari.  The
 original idea was just to meet with people from this list who were going to
 attend.  Someone else had that idea first, and then I said I was going,
 then I asked Chris Geiger if he would put together a list for those who
 would like to meet there, and he did.   You can visit his web site to see
 who's going and what they're driving, and sign yourself up too.  His web
 site is at http://geiger.mcl.ucsb.edu/offroad.html       Last time I
 checked only myself and one other person were on the list.
 If you want to meet up, and run some trails with fellow Toyota wheelers,
 sign up, and in the next few weeks, we'll pick a time and place to meet and
 go from there.  If enough people sign up, we could divide into different
 groups to do trails with varying difficulty ratings depending upon the
 modifications and skill level of the driver.  Some folks might like to go
 wheeling on an easier trail and just take in the sights.  It really is a
 scenic area.  Chris asked me to e-mail him a picture of my truck, etc. so
 people would know who to look for, so I'll be doing that in the next week
 or so.
 So sign up, and we'll all meet and have some fun in Moab!
 Bob Williams, Las Vegas, Nevada
 94 4Runner SR5, 22RE 5Spd, Procomp 4" lift,
 4.88's, lockers, Marlin Dual T-case #61, 33" BFG's
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 15:02:56 -1000 (HST)
 From: Eric Johnson  Subject: noise(belts)
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 On Sun, 18 Jan 1998, Herman Snodgrass wrote:> Hello all,> 	I was changing the belts on my '86 truck(sr5) yesterday and I think I> couldn't get the alternator belt tight enough.  It now screams bloody> murder sometimes.  Is there some trick to getting the alt. belt tight?  It> seems rather difficult due to it position.(under the p/s pump)
 I just changed my belts yesterday when I had the front end apart to fix my
 front main seal. I was able to get enough tension on that belt by pressing
 down on the alternator with a crowbar. I wasn't prying against anything,
 because I has afraid of busting something, but I seemed to get it tight
 enough not to squeak.
 Speaking of my main seal, thanks to everyone who helped me diagnose that,
 especially Jim Brink. The local shop wanted $300 to fix it; I did it
 myself in an afternoon and spent $7 on the part. Now I hope it stays
 leak-free for a while. I founf one downside of having an automatic -
 you can't lock up the driveline by putting it in gear, so I had to pull
 the radiator to fit my impact wrench in there to get the main crank bolt
 off.
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 22:20:00 -0700
 From: marc sahr  Subject: Pickup vs 4Runner/ Automatic?
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
<<>>>> I am looking into 4Runners, either '84 or '85. My>> question is, In a comparo between the two, which would you( the list>> members) choose.  What's the difference in off-road ability, and>> Rock-crawl ability between the 2.  Any advice would be appreciated.>>I've had both (well they were IFS) and they're both good rigs, but>here's some of the things I noticed:> Great!! I've been thinking about this myself... Let's see, The 76 Land
 Cruiser FJ40 is pieces, the 84 SR5 longbed is doing great (and not about to
 be sold) but I can't fit 4 people in it, and the J**p Cherokee is on it's
 last legs.. OK, I'll get an 84-86 (prefer the solid axle like the truck)
 4Runner for the wife, but she wants an automatic.
 Did the older 4Runners have AT? I've seen newer (87-89) with the auto but
 they're IFS... Although the 22RE would be nice.
 Any info?
 Thanks,
 Marc Sahr
 76 FJ40
 84 SR5 longbed 4x4
 (SOON) 8x 4Runner
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 23:03:34 -0700
 From: Rob Boyle  Subject: Pickup vs 4Runner/ Automatic?
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 marc sahr wrote:>> <<>>>>>> I am looking into 4Runners, either '84 or '85. My>>> question is, In a comparo between the two, which would you( the list>>> members) choose.  What's the difference in off-road ability, and>>> Rock-crawl ability between the 2.  Any advice would be appreciated.>>>>I've had both (well they were IFS) and they're both good rigs, but>>here's some of the things I noticed:>>>> Great!! I've been thinking about this myself... Let's see, The 76 Land> Cruiser FJ40 is pieces, the 84 SR5 longbed is doing great (and not about to> be sold) but I can't fit 4 people in it, and the J**p Cherokee is on it's> last legs.. OK, I'll get an 84-86 (prefer the solid axle like the truck)> 4Runner for the wife, but she wants an automatic.>> Did the older 4Runners have AT? I've seen newer (87-89) with the auto but> they're IFS... Although the 22RE would be nice.>> Any info?>> Thanks,> Marc Sahr> 76 FJ40> 84 SR5 longbed 4x4> (SOON) 8x 4Runner
 My local junkyard has an 85 4runner automatic
 Rob
 ------------------------------
 Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 02:37:26 -0800
 From: Chris Geiger  Subject: reversing on wet pavement
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Who cares? If you have auto locking hubs they may or may not lock in any given
 situation. If you want your 4WD system to work correctly and all the time you
 must remove the auto hubs and install manual hubs, Unless you control it you
 will never really know when the hubs are locked.
 Auto hubs are the worst thing ever bolted onto a 4WD truck!
 Chris Gegier 93 4Runner http://geiger.mcl.ucsb.edu/offroad.html
 Michael Ken Chen wrote:>         well, i have automatic hubs.  not sure what ADD is.  i heard it is> all time 4wd? is that right?  anyhow...  so, i am not sure if i could have> locked my hubs in going in reverse.  i forgot to try it.  is it just like> locking in going forward?  cuz i know pathfinders (older models) you have> to lock in going forward, and unlock going backwards.  like a screw...> can anyone tell me if the 92' trucks can lock in going in reverse?> thanks... so maybe i wont have to call a $60 tow truck...
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 14:53:23 -1000 (HST)
 From: Eric Johnson  Subject: reversing on wet pavement
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org> 	well, i have automatic hubs.  not sure what ADD is.  i heard it is
 If you're truck is a '92 I'm willing to bet you a set of outrageously wide
 tires that you do NOT have automatic hubs, and you DO have ADD.> all time 4wd? is that right?  anyhow...  so, i am not sure if i could have> locked my hubs in going in reverse.  i forgot to try it.  is it just like> locking in going forward?  cuz i know pathfinders (older models) you have> to lock in going forward, and unlock going backwards.  like a screw...> can anyone tell me if the 92' trucks can lock in going in reverse?> thanks... so maybe i wont have to call a $60 tow truck...
 I'm not trying to sound like a smartass, but have you considered reading
 your owner's manual? It would answer all these questions. If you don't
 have an owner's manual, they are under $10 from Toyota.
 In an ADD-equipped vehicle, you don't really have disconnecting hubs -
 each wheel is always connected to the fron axle. There is a vacuum-powered
 mechanism on the driver's side which disconnect one of these half-shafts
 from the front differential, whch, in conjunstion with the open front
 diff, keeps the front driveshaft from turning.
 Its a convenient setup, but not as reliable as a traditional locking-hub
 style front end.
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 13:28:37 -0800
 From: david  Subject: Tire Size vs. Milage Guage?
 To: toy4x4@tlca.org
 Hello,
 I was wondering when I changed my tire sizes from stock to 31x10's
 on my 95 4runner besides the speed gap is my tripmeter off by so amny
 miles??
 thanks
 rdavid@jps.net
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 16:15:29 -0800
 From: Jason Redman  Subject: Toy4x4 Digest V1 #660
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 Steve Harron & Jennifer Lippold wrote:>>I had the same thing happen with my 95 4Runner.  The drive pully on> the front of the power steering pump had come loose.  I don't know how> or why it happened.  It was not loose enough to wiggle by hand but it> was loose enough to let the vanes in the pump rub the pump housing> under any kind of load.  I tried thread lock and it came loose about> two weeks later.  A lock washer solved the problem.>> Yup!  You were right on the money... I owe you one.  Thanks a million.
 Austin Marriage
 yeti@inetworld.net
 96 Tacoma XCab 4X4 V6, 4"Downey, 33"BFG M/T's
 ------------------------------
 Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 20:00:50 -0700
 From: Brian Rishaw  Subject: V6 Mods - Throttle Body
 To: Toyota 4x4 Digest-posting >       Boring out the throttle body and installing a larger throttle plate is>an easy and effective way to increase airflow 10-20% on the V6 EFI>engines. It works together with your other air flow mods (headers,>porting, larger exhaust, K&N Filtercharger) to increase throttle>response and power.>       Both Downey and Performance Products market these, Downey's is a 3mm>overbore for around $360 and Perf/Prod is a 4mm overbore for only $285.>I went with Perf/Prod and am very happy with it.  They actually have you>send it in to RC Engineering in Torrance, CA (four day turnaround time).>So, those of you in the area might just call RC Eng. and cut out the>middleman!!
 Does this work only for the v6 or both the v6 and 22re/22rte
 Thanks
 Herman Snodgrass
 Herman-
 This modification is available for the 4 cyl EFI as well as the 88-92
 EFI Landcruiser engine! Contact Downey (562-949-9494) or Performance
 Products
 (800-553-2840) for more details and prices.
 Brian Rishaw
 ------------------------------
 Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 02:54:55 EST
 From: Toy4x4s  Subject: WHY??? Easter Safari in Moab???
 To: Toy4x4@tlca.org
 David and Brandon... and rest of the list...
 I know that there probably aren't a HUGE ammount of TLCA members here on the
 truck/4Runner list, as TLCA is "mainly" Land Cruisers... So that is why some
 of you wanting to partake in the spectacular wheeling that Moab has to offer
 think that the only organized event is the Easter J**p Safari.... Wrong...
 Please read on...
 Our club, Rising Sun 4WD of Colorado, which is a TLCA Chapter, is hosting the
 fully sanctioned TLCA event called Cruise Moab '98. Guess what... Since it's a
 TLCA thing, that means ONLY TOYOTAS are allowed to participate!!!!! So you
 don't have to be there with those J**ps and other vehicles... It'll just be us
 Toyotas! And guess what else... at the Safari how many Toyota raffle prizes do
 you see..... probably not many... At our event they are ONLY Toyota related
 prizes! I know... I'm the one in charge of gathering the prize donations! One
 other neat thing that the Red Rockers can't really say is that after our
 operating costs are met, and a few bucks are put away for the planning of next
 years event ALL of the rest of the money will be DONATED to worthy causes to
 keep our lands open. We are NOT profiting at all from this event!!! We all
 know how important it is to keep lands open right??? So you want to hear a few
 more details....
 When: April 30 through May 3 1998.
 Where: Of course in Moab UT, base camp is at Slickrock Campground, allthough
 you are free to stay wherever you want to.
 How much...$65 per applicant. Includes 1 event t-shirt, decal, dinner Sat
 night, and event packet. You pay for your own accomodations. additional meals
 are $8, choice of steak or chicken. You may also buy extra t-shirts there as
 well.
 You gotta drive a 4WD Toyota, be a member of TLCA (if you're not that's an
 additional $20). Your vehicle will be subject to an inspection according to
 TLCA guidelines. We will be running all sorts of trails... you pick what you
 want to run.
 Agenda: Thur Apr 30, Registration, orientation, vehicle safety inspection. Fri
 May 1, Guided trail runs, Sat May 2, Guided trail runs, dinner and raffle, Sun
 May 3 clean up and departure.
 Registration has just begun!!! So if you're interested contact me for more
 info ASAP... registration is limited to the first 100 vehicles. You can also
 read a bit more about it at TLCA's web page  Toyota Land Cruiser Association (TLCA): Home Page  http://www.tlca.org/
 load the page and then select Calendar of Events, then Cruise Moab.
 Wouldn't you rather have your money going to a worthwhile cause like keeping
 lands open rather than lining someones pocket book? Wouldn't you rather be
 with other TOYOTA owners? Wouldn't you rather win prizes for your TOYOTA
 instead of wonderful greasable shackles for a J**p???
 Hope to see ya there!!!
 June Bennett
 TLCA 2942  Egbert, WY
 85 & 88 4Runners, 72 Chevota 76 FJ40 and a 75 and 77 for parts. See them at:
 http://members.aol.com/Toy4x4s/index.html
 ------------------------------
 The views expressed in Toy4x4 are those of the individual authors only.
 Be sure to check out the OFFROAD MAILING LIST.
 Subscription requests can be sent to: offroad-request@off-road.com
 End of Toy4x4 Digest
 ******************************